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Clinical Pediatrics
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Academic Outcomes in Children with Congenital Heart Disease

Karla J. Griffin, MS

T. David Elkin, PhD

Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS 39216

Clinton J. Smith, MD

Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is often associated with intellectual, developmental, and academic late effects related to the diagnosis itself and treatment. This literature review examines what is currently understood about these intellectual and academic deficits. It appears that children with CHD, and particularly those with cyanotic CHD, are at risk for significant impairments in visual spatial skills, visual motor skills, and overall processing speed. Early neurocognitive interventions, especially with younger children, may prove beneficial for remediating some of these deficits.

Clinical Pediatrics, Vol. 42, No. 5, 401-409 (2003)
DOI: 10.1177/000992280304200503
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Home page
 J Pediatr PsycholHome page
P. A. Karsdorp, W. Everaerd, M. Kindt, and B. J.M. Mulder
Psychological and Cognitive Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis
J. Pediatr. Psychol., June 1, 2007; 32(5): 527 - 541.
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