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Clinical Pediatrics, Vol. 29, No. 5, 278-282 (1990)
DOI: 10.1177/000992289002900505

Epidemiologic Aspects of Toilet Training

Lawrence B. Berk, MD

Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Patrick C. Friman, PhD

Department of Pediatric Psychology, Suite 2307, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104

Toilet training is becoming an increasingly important child care issue as child raising becomes an institutional enterprise. This paper reviews the literature of the last 40 years, focusing on the epidemiology of the development of day and night bladder control. The studies indicate that bladder control is usually obtained between 24 months and 48 months of age. Many variations exist between studies, especially the endpoint used to indicate completion of training. Modifying the endpoint used and the related training practices could decrease the age at which children are trained.


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P. C. Friman and L. B. Berk
Epidemiologic Aspects of Toilet Training
Clinical Pediatrics, September 1, 1990; 29(9): 546 - 547.
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